A morphometric anatomical study on the division of the left main coronary artery and myocardial bridges

The division of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) exhibits a range of anatomical variation. It can divide into two, three, four or five branches, and have myocardial bridges. This carries important significance in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to examine the morphometric anatomical variation of the LMCA in Vietnamese cadavers. Hearts from 125 cadavers preserved in formalin solution were used in the study. LMCA was present in 96% of the specimens with the mean diameter of 4.62 ± 0.74 mm and the mean length of 9.05 ± 3.61 mm. The LMCA gave rise to two branches (bifurcation) in 51.2%, three branches (trifurcation) in 43.2% and four branches (quadrifurcation) in 5.6%. The mean outer diameter of the anterior interventricular artery, circumflex artery and the intermediate branch were 3.78 ± 0.54 mm, 3.33 ± 0.67 mm, and 1.80 ± 0.62 mm, respectively. The anterior interventricular artery ended at the anterior interventricular sulcus in 1.6% of the specimens, ended at the apex in 21.6%, and crossed over the apex to reach the posterior interventricular sulcus and terminate there in 76.8%. The circumflex artery ended before the left border in 4.13%, at the left border in 46.28%, between the left border and the crux in 46.62% and at the crux in 4.13%. The myocardial bridge was present only at anterior interventricular artery in 41.6%; in both anterior interventricular artery and posterior interventricular branch in 5.6%. LMCA varies in length and it can divide into two, three or four branches. End position of the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery are variable. These variations may prove challenging during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery diagnostic imaging

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A comprehensive anatomical characterization and radiographic study of stage III testicular cancer in a 31-year-old male patient

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize an unusual case of stage III testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) in a 31-year-old male with metastases to nodes, bone, viscera and brain, and to understand all possible routes of metastatic disease. Testicular cancer (TC) has an increasing incidence worldwide, and its etiology, risk factors and pathogenesis are not completely understood. Medical records were reviewed, and the cadaveric specimen evaluated by physical examination and gross dissection. Paraffin embedded tissue sections of the primary tumor were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for histological study. To examine metastatic spread, pre- and post-mortem digital radiologic image acquisition was done using x-ray films, and high- resolution CT Scans and MRI Scans. Image analysis, multi-planar reformatting, and three- dimensional (3-D) reconstruction were done on radiographic series. Dissection showed masses bilaterally from the apex through the lung base; masses on the internal thoracic wall, and hepatomegaly and splenomegaly with multiple tumor masses. Testicular parenchyma was composed of primitive germ cells that formed glomeruloid or embryonal-like structures, as well as areas with a micro-cystic histologic pattern and areas of fibrous dysplasia. Medical imaging 3- D video radiographic dissection was notable for a 38.45 mm diameter, mid-brain tumor; extreme hepatomegaly with numerous tumors, lung tumors, a large penetrating tumor of the left ilium, and multiple tumors throughout both lungs and the thoracolumbar spine (T5-S1). This study provides insight into the histology and metastatic spread of TGCT that is essential for clinicians to understand in the evaluation and treatment of TC patients

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